Volume 26: Issue 5 : November 2001
[Selected articles have been presented online.]
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Current Issue

President's Message

First of all, I take this opportunity to wish everyone ‘Subho Bijoya’ and pray for Ma Durga’s blessings for all of us. Despite very challenging and somewhat unusual conditions, Durga Puja was a great success. Needless to say, the committee worked very diligently. However, it is the support and active participation of the entire community that made the difference.

We are about to conclude another year, our last scheduled event being Kali Puja on November 10. In addition to the Puja, this event has another significance. The annual General body meeting as well as the formation of new executive committee for the coming year will occur that day. Please join us to celebrate the Puja and to congratulate the new President and his/her committee.

Since this is my last message to fellow members through the Samaj Sangbad, I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone for their support and understanding. Lastly, but most importantly, I am grateful to all my committee members for their relentless support and cooperation throughout this difficult year.

Community Highlights

Births:
Congratulations to :
· Anindita (Tutu) and Dibyendu (Dipu) Mukherjee, on the birth of their twin Nishant (son) and Maya (daughter) born on Oct 3, 2001.
· Suparna and Sourav Banerjee on the birth of their daughter, Sanchali, on October 8.

Samaj Sangbad Articles Welcome!

We invite contributions from BAGC members, and especially youth and children, on topics relevant to the BAGC and for the literary section of the Newsletter. Articles may be in either English, Bengali, or Hindi, and should be submitted electronically (e-mail or a floppy disk) along with a hard copy to either to:

  • Debasish Gooptu [e-mail: Dave.Gooptu@us.pwcglobal.com] [Address: 1839 West Thornwood Lane, Mount Prospect, IL 60056; Phone: (847)439-6251]
  • Points to Ponder
    by Ranjit Roy

    On another September 11 over a century ago, Swami Vivekananda startled the West by his brilliant oration on Hinduism. We all know the history how this prodigious feat raised the son of Bengal to a level divine and Chicago to a holy spot among Hindu pilgrimages. From that instant, Bengalees felt pride with Vivekananda as their very own. It was great news to Bengalees when Hindu Temple of Greater Chicago planned to build an elegant esplanade around Swami’s statue and a Vedantic study center for an estimated cost of construction of $ 1.5 million. HTGC invited Chicago Bengalees to take a greater role in this project. Many Bengalees along with BAGC president were present in the inaugural meeting. Indeed the project is worthy of Vivekananda’s memory and all BAGC members can feel proud to be involved. Two stupas on either side of one of the entrances are selected to be inscribed with “BAGC” for a donation of $15,000 towards construction cost of the esplanade for $ 200,000. A sum of $ 12,500 has been raised by individual contributions. A contribution of $ 2,500, approved by the Special Fund Committee, remains to paid to HTGC. Again, Bengalees should be proud to participate and contribute in the successful completion of the Vivekananda Hill project. We should support HTGC’s efforts since BAGC alone can not undertake such a glorious project in the memory of a revered son of Bengal.
    ************************************************
    This year’s Puja festival was done well. The decoration of the pratima and chalchitra was done beautifully, food services for all meals for the three days were appreciated by all and the cultural programs were of good quality. However the scheduling of events was overlooked and it needs greater attention in the future.

    On all three days the cultural programs started late, extended too long, and longer break between events that left little time for the out-of-town guest artists. Kakali Rath, an Odissi dancer of a high caliber, appeared on the stage at 11 PM Friday night when most of the audience had left the hall. On Saturday, singer Manashi Mukherjee’s performance was cut short because of the dinner time. And Utpalendu Choudhury was told to limit his recitals to conclude before 10 PM on Sunday night.

    The above events did not bid well for us etiquette-wise or culturally. It is inexcusable when we present our invited stage performers in late time slots when the audience is walking out and the custodian is threatening to close the hall. It could have been possible that the Friday’s event was an accident, but when the same thing was repeated on Saturday and Sunday as well, it was sheer callousness and blatant disrespect for the invited guests.

    Indeed, we can all agree that we do not condone such behavior on our part. Hopefully we will take lesson from this year’s mistakes and in the future, produce well-planned and timely staged cultural evenings.

    Acknowledgement

    It has been a great honor for me to serve as Editor of Samaj Sangbad for the year 2001. I could not have accomplished this task without the staunch support I received from my fellow members. I would especially like to express my gratitude to the following persons:- · Sarmishtha Banerjee, Mekhala Banerjee, Deb Kumar Mustafi, and Dolly Basu for providing me with up-to-date community news · Ananta Ghosh for researching and writing his series on “Banglar Sahitya Rathi” · Debanshu Bhattacharyya for writing his series on “Major Contributons of India” · Sunanda Bose for writing her column, “Unmesher Chitthi” · Anjan Roy for writing his column, “Sangbad Shironam” · Bob Evans, Indrani Mondal, Jyoti Mondal, Subham Sanyal, Neil Chatterjee, Abir Bhattacharya, Angshuman Gooptu, Manatosh Banerjee, Alak Bhattacharya, Devipriya Roy, Ranjit Roy, Shouvik Datta for contributing articles on selected topics upon my request · Bakul Banerjee, Alak Bhattacharya, Purabi Majumdar, Rekha Maitra, Manisha Bose, Bani Bhattacharya for contributing poems · Amitava Deb for his overall guidance I hope our readers have enjoyed this year’s issues. I wish my successor all the best!
    Debasish Gooptu
    Editor 2001

    The format of BAGC events may need change and expansion, simply because the needs of the community are changing and expanding. To me, this change would be most effective if conducted by the youth themselves. Youth leaders may communicate with youth members in trying to investigate kids’ suggestions about how they want to spend their time when their parents are at BAGC events. The youth need to be given some freedom in choosing their own topics and programs.

    Let us channellize and utilize their energy to help build good future leaders. If they have no idle time chances are they will not involve themselves in unruly unacceptable behavior. Let’s not cry foul if all the kids of our community don’t sing like we sing, talk like we talk and think like we think. With time they will be able to make connections and help our culture evolve.

    Subham Sanyal: “For any organization to survive, remain active and expand, it is essential that its supply of fresh blood gets renewed constantly, flowing actively through its arteries giving renewed vigor, energy and activity to it. Societies, clubs and associations have stood the test of time, only when they have been successful in inducting young new members who enjoy the same activities and value system of the organization.

    We can be proud that the BAGC has remained united and the primary organization of the Bengali community in the Chicago land region for twenty-five years. However, I do perceive a symptom in our BAGC too, which ultimately might cause its degeneration over the years. And that is an alienation and un-involvement of our younger generation in BAGC activities and functions.

    Many of us, as parents, may not bother much about our children not accompanying us to a BAGC function or remain contented letting them play outside in their own groups rather than watch a stage event or religious ceremony. We have a laissez faire attitude: to each his own interests.

    This nonchalance does have a short and long run impact though. In the short run we have experienced ‘unsupervised’ children damaging school property, presenting an image of unruliness and hooliganism to the critical outsider and finally even indulging in unlawful activity which has cost us the privilege of renting an excellent facility. But in the long run , we may be losing even more! Think of thirty, twenty or even ten years hence…These young children, grown up to adults by then, would have a minimal sense of belonging and affiliation to an organization where they find very little interest and relation to their newly acquired culture.

    But can we really blame our young children for their estrangement? Can we blame them for running around and playing in the compound instead of watching a cultural show? In my perception, the BAGC events are forums of get-togethers of adults and shows that primarily cater to interests and involvement of adult members of the community. [I do commend the efforts of many of our cultural and sports secretaries (especially in the recent past) to get more involvement of young children in the cultural shows.] But we need to develop more sustained interest by our youth in the BAGC and its activities.

    If we can generate enough activities in our BAGC functions (maybe even as side activities) which have a direct interest to our young members they would get more and more involved in BAGC and its functions. These could be sports activities, indoor sports competitions, youth oriented quizzes and word games, debates, video shows, discotheques etc.

    I can suggest a couple of courses to resolve this: 1. Group Discussion forums as a side activity in our events to brainstorm on this and other community related issues. It would be good to involve the youth themselves in such a discussion panel. 2. Suggestion and Opinion Polls conducted by Samaj Sangbad and subsequently discussed by the Executive Committee. I am positive that if we as a community come up with a creative solution, we can make the youth as much a part of BAGC functions as the ‘grown-ups’ are and ensure the flow of young blood through our growing vibrant organization.”

    Amarto Bhattacharyya (Grade 5):“There are a few reasons why parents do not keep their children with them during BAGC events. First, many parents have friends. During the "adda marra" part of BAGC events, parents do not want their children tagging along every moment. Many times the parents would just find a friend of the child and leave them alone. Many times this leads to accidents/trouble. Also, during the cultural programs, children do not want to watch the plays, songs, and dances, etc. While all the parents are in the auditorium children fool around in the main room. Moreover, many children have lots of energy but they do not have anything to do. Many times they need to blow off some steam.

    To stop any possible trouble, there are a few things that can be done. Most parents would like to bring kids to these functions. Not bringing kids is not a solution. Parents can usually take care of babies and toddlers. The problem is with kids aged 5 to 18.

    There is not one solution that will solve the entire problem. There are 2 different type of age groups, pre-teenagers and teenagers. We can keep these pre-teens busy by doing many things. First, we can engage them in activities such as drawing competitions, karaoke, board games, etc. Also, we could rent movies and have kids watch movies. For the teenagers aged 13 - 18, we could also have the movies. Also we could include music from a DJ or a dance for children with no adults. This would keep the peace and also children would have fun.

    There are a few things we could do with both age groups. For example, we could rent a part of a field or to rent a gym where kids can play soccer, basketball, etc., and do whatever they wanted without any trouble. Some parents, adults, or older kids may have to volunteer to watch kids. A gym or field would be a good alternative for both older and younger kids.

    As you can see, there are many things we can do to prevent trouble at BAGC events. If we can do these things, I think there will be no trouble and children will have fun.”

    Neil Chatterjee (Grade 6): “Every year, the BAGC holds mainly six events that allow us to meet and interact with other members of the community. Three of these events are based on our religious festivities. As a member of the BAGC, my family and I love to attend all of these occasions. I believe that many people in the community enjoy these revels also. Most of these events start from morning and last until night. During these long hours, I have noticed that most of the children run out of things to do. This often leads them to boredom and they engage in activities that are fun to them but not necessarily perceived as appropriate by adults. To engage children to constructive activities, I have listed some suggestions that were discussed by my peers and me.

    In prior years, the BAGC held youth discussions in which children would gather together to learn and talk about religion and various other interesting topics. I used to attend these meetings and I thought they were very effective and fun-filled learning experiences. Later they were dropped from the BAGC agenda. I believe we should re-establish youth meetings so children become more interested and involved in meaningful activities.

    The most recognized idea that children think would have the most impact is different sports events. Most facilities where the BAGC functions occur have a gymnasium. The Executive Committee could think of renting the gym for the children’s activities such as: basketball, volleyball and other sports. If the facility doesn’t have a gym, the Committee might consider providing an assigned area for children activities. Indoor sporting equipment should also be available, so kids will be able to play inside if the weather and the facility do not permit them to play outside.

    Another idea is to provide music systems/audio for children of all ages, including karaoke, and on occasions DJs. Many of my peers have expressed to me that karaoke would occupy time in a fun and convenient way. We should also allow children to bring their own musical instruments to play music for fun.

    The younger children, of ages seven and younger, frequently become restless when their activities are limited. To keep them occupied, BAGC supplies these children with crayons and paper. Sometimes, the kids end up with sitters having to look after them while coloring or drawing. This may not be fun for both the children and the sitter. I have heard numerous complaints about this issue. Possible solutions to this matter could be giving fun toys such as Play-Doh, Lego, and other things they could engage their time in and perhaps a nice, fun-filled movie to keep entertained.

    During the last Saraswati Puja, two officers were invited to look after the kids of the BAGC. Though nothing went wrong many kids disagree with this course of action. I believe that the officers were a restriction for the kids to have a fun time. By keeping the children busy with the possible ideas I have listed, there would be no need for the officers to limit the children’s amount of enjoyment.

    I feel the members of the Executive Committee should consider making a subcommittee for the children’s activities in BAGC functions. This subcommittee should be able to solve today’s problem by providing organized youth activities.

    Every year in August, the BAGC has organized Children’s Day. This is a wonderful event in which adults come to listen to their children perform. I have attended Children’s Day for numerous years. It is a lot of fun for all of the kids, but I’ve also noticed that it is not getting the proper attention it deserves. I have seen equipment shortages, unclean stages and less and less people coming to observe the wonderful abilities of the younger generation. I think that the BAGC should pay proper attention into this event, along with the parents. Without the audience, children lose enthusiasm and their desire to perform. With the proper encouragement from elders, children will have an even better time and will want to attend more BAGC functions.

    The problems that exist today can be easily fixed with a little help from the adults. I ask the BAGC Executive Committee and the adults of the community to consider some of these requests that we children believe would eliminate the predicament that is present today.”

    ANNOUNCEMENTS

    On Kali Puja, the BAGC will be collecting money to be donated to the Red Cross for providing relief to the victims of the September 11 tragedy. Please donate freely at the drop box in the Puja Registration Front Desk.

    Used Clothes Donation Drive

    Those interested in donating used clothes to Bharat Sevashram, India, may either bring them to the Clothes Drive Desk at Kali Puja, or contact Krishna Chakrabarty, for further details, at (630) 834-4338 (Phone), or via e-mail, at krishnac@uic.edu.

    BAGC 2001 Carrom Tournament

    Congratulations to the winners of the BAGC 2001 Carrom Tournament held on September 30.
    1st Place: Shanti Banerjee
    2nd Place: Asok Ganguly
    A special thanks to Ranjit & Esha Roy for hosting the event in their home, and to Atanu Mazumder & Shanti Banerjee for lending their carrom boards for use.

    BAGC 2001 Golf Tournament

    Here are the results of the BAGC 2001 Golf Tournament held on October 7 at the Arrowhead Golf Club at Wheaton.
    Low Gross 1st - Shyam Kambeyanda (92)
    Low Gross 2nd - Rahul Chatterjea (98)

    Low Net 1st - Indranil Mukherjee(70)
    Low Net 2nd - Sunondo Roy (73)

    Longest Drive - Rahul Chatterjea
    Closest to the Pin - Probir Chatterjea

    Congratulations to the winners!

    Thanks

    As the cultural secretaries of BAGC for this year, we would like to give a special thanks to everyone who participated in cultural events. You all have made BAGC’s cultural programs very enjoyable and more importantly have volunteered your time for the community. We express our infinite gratitude to the actors, directors, singers, dancers, stagehands, and all others involved . The BAGC has grown tremendously during the last three years. Nowhere does this show more than in the cultural arena. While the number of programs was fixed, the number of intended participants far exceeded expectations. We gave the directors a lot of freedom to do the program any way they wanted, but at the same time we gave a lot of help, support, and resources. We believe that this year’s cultural programs were a great success due to the support of hundreds of individuals. We would also like to thank those individuals who praised the quality of the programs in person, on the phone, and in emails. We enjoyed being the cultural secretaries immensely, and it was a privilege to serve the community.

    BAGC’s Young Science Whiz
    by Angshuman Gooptu

    BAGC’s very own budding scientist Debarshi Mustafi, continues in his winning spree. Debarshi, who has received numerous science awards in the last two years, lapped up an impressive array of distinguished awards this year with his Bio-chemistry project on antibiotic resistance. · On March 26-April 1, 2001, in the Chicago Science Fair at the Museum of Science and Industry, he won the first prize from both Motorola and BP Amoco, the two primary sponsors of the fair. · He also ranked first among the selected high school students in a one-day research symposium organized by Illinois Institute of Technology. · On May 4-5, 2001 he won the "Best in Category" award in the State Science Fair, organized by the Illinois Junior Academy of Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. · On May 6-12, 2001, representing the city of Chicago in the 2001 Intel International Science Fair at San Jose, California, Debarshi set a new standard by wining in all three categories – second prize in the Intel Grand Award, first prize in the special award, and first prize in the government award from the US Army. About 1200 high school students from over 40 countries participated in the fair. Debarshi’s prizes this year include a certificate, $1500 in cash, $3000 in college scholarships, $3,000 in US bonds, a plaque, and a gold medal, and his achievements have been documented in the Hyde Park Herald and the Chicago Sun-Times. Debarshi, presently a Junior in Kenwood Academy, resides in Hyde Park, Chicago with his parents Reba and Debkumar Mustafi. “It was when my father contracted pneumonia, that I thought of performing an experiment,” explained Debarshi. The experiment consisted of identifying enzymes that offer resistance to antibiotics and finding an inhibitor. Debarshi’s project “Kinetic Studies of Inhibition of B-Lactamases” demonstrated that a chemical blocker called benzo(b) thiophener Z-boronic acid helps antibiotics overcome resistance. When asked what classes he took that helped him learn about the methods of performing an documenting scientific experimentation, Debarshi credited his AP Biology for the good science base that it helped to develop. “ Read a lot of science books and journals. When you think you have a hypothesis for an experiment, just go right ahead and perform the experiment,” advises Mustafi to younger aspiring kids interested in the Biochemistry field. Despite his deep interest in bio-chemistry, Debarshi plans on pursuing his career in Engineering. Though he has not yet made up his mind as to which school to attend, he is exploring Stanford University in California, and Washington University in Missouri Apart from his interest in Science, Debarshi plays in his school’s Varsity Soccer team and is involved with community projects in the Hyde Park area. Debarshi is also an active youth in BAGC and has played roles in a number of plays. In the last Kali Puja, dressed impeccably in dhuti-panjabi, he impressed us with his skills as MC. As a youth member of the BAGC, Debarshi feels that the youth programs should be reconstructed so that kids will stay out of trouble and enjoy themselves during BAGC events.

    Bidhan C. Roy - Architect of West Bengal
    by Shouvik Dutta

    What does Kalyani, Digha, Salt lake City, Haringhata and Pather Panchali have in common? These very different places and movie owe their existence to the first chief minister of Bengal, Dr, Bidhan Chandra Roy. When Satyajit Ray could not complete his first movie Pather Panchali, it was Dr. Roy who made funds available for the movie. His vision and charisma forged a new identity of Bengal right after the independence and some call him the architect of modern Bengal.

    We know very little about the man who created Salt Lake City from swampy stretch of land on the eastern fringe of Calcutta, now the dreamland of many a heart, now home to many of us. His foresight and iron resolve helped forge developments, which took into account the pressures of population, education and supply of basic necessities including food and clothing. His concepts of satellite townships are bearing fruit even now.

    Bidhan Chandra Roy was born on July 1, 1882, at Bankipore in Patna, Bihar. His father Prakash Chandra was an Excise Inspector. Bidhan was the youngest of five children and was greatly influenced by the simplicity, discipline and piety of his parents. Bidhan did his B.A. from Patna College with Honors in Mathematics. He came to Calcutta in June 1901 to study medicine at Calcutta Medical College.

    Bidhan's term in medical school was fraught with hardship and penury. His father retired as a Deputy Collector after the first year and could no longer send Bidhan any money. Bidhan fended for himself by getting a scholarship and living frugally, saving on books by borrowing notes and relying on books in the library. Immediately after graduation, B.C. Roy joined the Provincial Health Service. He exhibited immense dedication and hard work. In his free time he practiced privately, charging a nominal fee of Rs. 2 only.

    Bidhan sailed for England with only Rs. 1,200 in February of 1909 intending to enroll himself at St. Bartholomew's to further his education. The Dean, reluctant to accept a student from Asia, rejected Bidhan's application. Dr. Roy did not loose heart. Again and again he submitted his application until finally the Dean, after 30 admission requests, accepted Bidhan to the college.

    Dr. Roy entered politics in 1925. He ran for elections from the Barrackpore Constituency as an Independent candidate for the Bengal Legislative Council and defeated the "Grand Old Man of Bengal," Surendranath Banerjea. Even though an independent he voted with the Swaraj Party (the Parliamentary wing of the Congress). As early as 1925, Dr. Roy tabled a resolution recommending a study of the causes of pollution in Hooghly and suggested measures to prevent pollution in the future.

    Dr. Roy was elected to the All India Congress Committee in 1928. He kept himself away from rivalry and conflicts and made a deep impression on the leaders. Dr. Roy efficiently conducted the Civil Disobedience in Bengal in 1929 and prompted Pandit Motilal Nehru to nominate him Member of the Working Committee (CWC) in 1930. The CWC was declared an unlawful assembly and Dr. Roy along with other members of the committee were arrested on August 26, 1930 and detained at Central Alipore Jail.

    Dr. Roy believed that swaraj would remain a dream unless the people were healthy and strong in mind and body. He made contributions to the organization of medical education. He established the Jadavpur T.B. Hospital, Chittaranjan Seva Sadan, R.G. Kar Medical College, Kamala Nehru Hospital, Victoria Institution, and Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital. The Chittaranjan Seva Sadan for women and children was opened in 1926. He opened a center for training women in nursing and social work.

    Dr. Roy believed that the youth of India would determine the future of the nation. He felt that the youth must not take part in strikes and fasts but should study and commit themselves to social work. At his Convocation Address on December 15, 1956 at the University of Lucknow, Dr. Roy said, "My young friends, you are soldiers in the battle of freedom-freedom from want, fear, ignorance, frustration and helplessness. By a dint of hard work for the country, rendered in a spirit of selfless service, may you march ahead with hope and courage...."

    During the Dandi March in 1931, many members of the Calcutta Corporation were imprisoned. Congress requested Dr. Roy to remain out of prison and discharge the duties of the Corporation. He served as the Alderman of the Corporation from 1930-31 and Mayor in 1933. Under him, the Corporation made leaps in the expansion of free education, free medical aid, better roads, improved lighting, and water supply. He was responsible for setting up a framework for dispensing grant-in-aid to hospitals and charitable dispensaries.

    The Congress Party proposed Dr. Roy's name for Chief Minister of Bengal. Dr. Roy wanted to devote himself to his profession. On Gandhiji's advice, however, Dr. Roy accepted the position and took office on January 23, 1948. Bengal at the time had been torn by communal violence, shortage of food, unemployment and a large flow of refugees in the wake of the creation of East Pakistan. Dr. Roy brought unity and discipline amongst the party ranks. He then systematically and calmly began to work on the immense task in front of him. Within three years law and order was returned to Bengal without compromising the dignity and status of his administration.

    The nation honored Dr. Roy with the Bharat Ratna on February 4, 1961. On July 1, 1962, after treating his morning patients and discharging affairs of the State, he took a copy of the "Brahmo Geet" and sang a piece from it. 11 hours later Dr. Roy died. He gifted his house for running a nursing home named after his mother, Aghorkamani Devi. The B.C. Roy National Award was instituted in 1976 for work in the area of medicine, politics, science, philosophy, literature and arts. The Dr. B.C. Roy Memorial Library and Reading Room for Children in the Children's Book Trust, New Delhi, were opened in 1967.

    Acknowledgements
    Amrita Bogra, "Bidhan Chandra Roy," in Remembering Our Leaders, eds. Bhanana Nair and Sudha Sanjeev (New Delhi: Children's Book Trust, 1996), vol. 7. http://www.indiaisthebest.com
    Http://www.swaraj.net/iffw
    http://userpages.umbc.edu/~achatt1
    http://www.childrensbooktrust.com

    Some Major Contributions of India To World Civilization - III
    by Debanshu Bhattacharya

    (Author’s Note: It is my feeling that while the contributions of ancient cultures such as China and Egypt are well publicized in the press, contributions of India, by comparison, are not that well touted. This is the third and final article in a series that attempts to bring a few of India’s contributions to our children’s attention. I must confess, however, that I will not be able to provide exact references for these facts; they are taken from the Internet.)

    First some factoids: · Chess was invented in India (called Shataranja ) and not in China as commonly reported in the media. · The value of “pi” was calculated first by Budhayana. He also described the concept of the Pythagorean theorem in the 6th century BC. · The art of navigation was developed in the Sindh river some 6000 years ago. The word “navigation” comes from the Sanskrit word “Navgatih”, the word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word “nou” meaning boat. · Up until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world. · While the largest number used by the Greeks was 106 (a million), ancient India used numbers as large as 1018 (Aukshouhini in the Mahabharata) or maybe even 1053!

    In more modern times, some of the greatest contributions in science have also been made by Indians. Jagadish Chandra Bose (1859-1937) could be considered one of the greatest scientists of his time. His work ranged from Botany (pioneering work on reaction of plants to external stimuli) to physics (electromagnetic radiation). IEEE has recognized that the discoverer of wireless communication was J.C. Bose and not Marconi (Proceedings of the IEEE, January 1998, Vol. 86, No.1).

    The second most significant contribution of India is in the area of medicine. Sushruta is the father of surgery. About 2600 years ago, he and other doctors of his time conducted complicated surgeries. The use of anesthesia was well known in ancient India, while patients were tied up and had to suffer in Europe. These operations required extensive knowledge of the human anatomy and physiology. The use of sophisticated drugs to treat ailments was also widespread in ancient India. Charaka, the father of medicine, developed the Ayurveda School of Medicine, which is now finally coming to be recognized by modern medicine.

    I would like to end this series with some of the quotes of great men about India. Mark Twain -“ India is the cradle of human race….”
    Einstein -“ We owe a lot to the Indians who taught us how to count without which no worthwhile scientific discovery would have been possible.”
    Hu Shih (former ambassador of china) - “ India conquered and dominated China for 20 centuries without sending a single soldier.”
    Romain Rolland - “If there is one place on earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home……..It is India.”